Novel human kinase and polynucleotides encoding the same

ABSTRACT

Novel human polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences are disclosed that can be used in therapeutic, diagnostic, and pharmacogenomic applications.

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/243,893, which was filed on Oct. 27, 2000 and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

1. INTRODUCTION

[0002] The present invention relates to the discovery, identification, and characterization of novel human polynucleotides encoding proteins sharing sequence similarity with animal kinases. The invention encompasses the described polynucleotides, host cell expression systems, the encoded proteins, fusion proteins, polypeptides and peptides, antibodies to the encoded proteins and peptides, and genetically engineered animals that either lack or over express the disclosed genes, antagonists and agonists of the proteins, and other compounds that modulate the expression or activity of the proteins encoded by the disclosed genes that can be used for diagnosis, drug screening, clinical trial monitoring, the treatment of diseases and disorders, and cosmetic or nutriceutical applications.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Kinases mediate the phosphorylation of a wide variety of proteins and compounds in the cell. Along with phosphatases, kinases are involved in a range of regulatory pathways. Given the physiological importance of kinases, they have been subject to intense scrutiny and are proven drug targets.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The present invention relates to the discovery, identification, and characterization of nucleotides that encode novel human proteins and the corresponding amino acid sequences of these proteins. The novel human proteins (NHPs) described for the first time herein share structural similarity with animal kinases, including, but not limited to, receptor tyrosine kinases. The NHPs exhibit particular similarity to ephrin-receptor family kinases. Accordingly, the described NHPs encode novel kinases having homologues and orthologs across a range of phyla and species.

[0005] The novel human polynucleotides described herein, encode open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of 942 and 308 amino acids in length (see respectively SEQ ID NOS:2 and 4).

[0006] The invention also encompasses agonists and antagonists of the described NHPs, including small molecules, large molecules, mutant NHPs, or portions thereof, that compete with native NHP, peptides, and antibodies, as well as nucleotide sequences that can be used to inhibit the expression of the described NHPs (e.g., antisense and ribozyme molecules, and open reading frame or regulatory sequence replacement constructs) or to enhance the expression of the described NHPs (e.g., expression constructs that place the described polynucleotide under the control of a strong promoter system), and transgenic animals that express a NHP sequence, or “knock-outs” (which can be conditional) that do not express a functional NHP. Knock-out mice can be produced in several ways, one of which involves the use of mouse embryonic stem cells (“ES cells”) lines that contain gene trap mutations in a murine homolog of at least one of the described NHPs. When the unique NHP sequences described in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 are “knocked-out” they provide a method of identifying phenotypic expression of the particular gene as well as a method of assigning function to previously unknown genes. In addition, animals in which the unique NHP sequences described in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 are “knocked-out” provide a unique source in which to elicit antibodies to homologous and orthologous proteins, which would have been previously viewed by the immune system as “self” and therefore would have failed to elicit significant antibody responses. To these ends, gene trapped knockout ES cells have been generated in murine homologs of the described NHPs.

[0007] Additionally, the unique NHP sequences described in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 are useful for the identification of protein coding sequence and mapping a unique gene to a particular chromosome (the exons encoding the described sequences are apparently encoded on human chromosome 3, see GENBANK accession no. AC027483). These sequences identify biologically verified exon splice junctions as opposed to splice junctions that may have merely been predicted from bioinformatics analysis of genomic sequence alone. The sequences of the present invention are also useful as additional DNA markers for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, and in forensic biology.

[0008] Further, the present invention also relates to processes for identifying compounds that modulate, i.e., act as agonists or antagonists, of NHP expression and/or NHP activity that utilize purified preparations of the described NHPs and/or. NHP product, or cells expressing the same. Such compounds can be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of any of a wide variety of symptoms associated with biological disorders or imbalances.

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING AND FIGURES

[0009] The Sequence Listing provides the sequence of the novel human ORFs encoding the described novel human kinase proteins. SEQ ID NO:5 describes a NHP ORF and flanking sequences.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The NHPs described for the first time herein are novel proteins that are expressed in, inter alia, human cell lines and human fetal brain, brain, pituitary, spinal cord, cerebellum, trachea, kidney, fetal liver, liver, prostate, testis, thyroid, stomach, small intestine, colon, uterus, adipose, esophagus, bladder, cervix, and pericardium cells.

[0011] The described sequences were compiled from sequences available in GENBANK, and cDNAs generated from prostate and testis mRNAs (Edge Biosystems, Gaithersburg, Md.).

[0012] The present invention encompasses the nucleotides presented in the Sequence Listing, host cells expressing such nucleotides, the expression products of such nucleotides, and: (a) nucleotides that encode mammalian homologs of the described genes, including the specifically described NHPs, and the NHP products; (b) nucleotides that encode one or more portions of an NHP that correspond to functional domains, and the polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences, including, but not limited to, the novel regions of any active domain(s); (c) isolated nucleotides that encode mutant versions, engineered or naturally occurring, of the described NHPs in which all or a part of at least one domain is deleted or altered, and the polypeptide products specified by such nucleotide sequences, including, but not limited to soluble proteins and peptides in which all or a portion of the signal sequence is deleted; (d) nucleotides that encode chimeric fusion proteins containing all or a portion of a coding region of a NHP, or one of its domains (e.g., a receptor/ligand binding domain, accessory protein/self-association domain, etc.) fused to another peptide or polypeptide; or (e) therapeutic or diagnostic derivatives of the described polynucleotides such as oligonucleotides, antisense polynucleotides, ribozymes, dsRNA, or gene therapy constructs comprising a sequence first disclosed in the Sequence Listing. As discussed above, the present invention includes: (a) the human DNA sequences presented in the Sequence Listing (and vectors comprising the same) and additionally contemplates any nucleotide sequence encoding a contiguous NHP open reading frame (ORF) that hybridizes to a complement of a DNA sequence presented in the Sequence Listing under highly stringent conditions, e.g., hybridization to filter-bound DNA in 0.5 M NaHPO₄, 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 1 mM EDTA at 65° C., and washing in 0.1×SSC/0.1% SDS at 68° C. (Ausubel et al., eds., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. I, Green Publishing Associates, Inc., and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, at p. 2.10.3) and encodes a functionally equivalent expression product. Additionally, contemplated are any nucleotide sequences that hybridize to the complement of the DNA sequence that encode and express an amino acid sequence presented in the Sequence Listing under moderately stringent conditions, e.g., washing in 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at 42° C. (Ausubel et al., 1989, supra), yet still encode a functionally equivalent NHP product. Functional equivalents of a NHP include naturally occurring NHPs present in other species and mutant NHPs whether naturally occurring or engineered (by site directed mutagenesis, gene shuffling, directed evolution as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,458 or 5,723,323 both of which are herein incorporated by reference). The invention also includes degenerate nucleic acid variants of the disclosed NHP polynucleotide sequences.

[0013] Additionally contemplated are polynucleotides encoding NHP ORFs, or their functional equivalents, encoded by polynucleotide sequences that are about 99, 95, 90, or about 85 percent similar to corresponding regions of a NHP (as measured by BLAST sequence comparison analysis using, for example, the GCG sequence analysis package using default parameters).

[0014] The invention also includes nucleic acid molecules, preferably DNA molecules, that hybridize to, and are therefore the complements of, the described NHP encoding polynucleotides. Such hybridization conditions can be highly stringent or less highly stringent, as described above. In instances where the nucleic acid molecules are deoxyoligonucleotides (“DNA oligos”), such molecules are generally about 16 to about 100 bases long, or about 20 to about 80, or about 34 to about 45 bases long, or any variation or combination of sizes represented therein that incorporate a contiguous region of sequence first disclosed in the Sequence Listing. Such oligonucleotides can be used in conjunction with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen libraries, isolate clones, and prepare cloning and sequencing templates, etc.

[0015] Alternatively, such NHP oligonucleotides can be used as hybridization probes for screening libraries, and assessing gene expression patterns (particularly using a micro array or high-throughput “chip” format). Additionally, a series of the described NHP oligonucleotide sequences, or the complements thereof, can be used to represent all or a portion of the described NHP sequences. An oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence first disclosed in at least a portion of one or more of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS:1-5 can be used as a hybridization probe in conjunction with a solid support matrix/substrate (resins; beads, membranes, plastics, polymers, metal or metallized substrates, crystalline or polycrystalline substrates, etc.). Of particular note are spatially addressable arrays: (i.e., gene chips, microtiter plates, etc.) of oligonucleotides and polynucleotides, or corresponding oligopeptides and polypeptides, wherein at least one of the biopolymers present on the spatially addressable array comprises an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide sequence first disclosed in at least one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS:1-5, or an amino acid sequence encoded thereby. Methods for attaching biopolymers to, or synthesizing biopolymers on, solid support matrices, and conducting binding studies thereon are disclosed in, inter alia, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,700,637, 5,556,752, 5,744,305, 4,631,211, 5,445,934, 5,252,743, 4,713,326, 5,424,186, and 4,689,405 the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0016] Addressable arrays comprising sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 can be used to identify and characterize the temporal and tissue specific expression of a gene. These addressable arrays incorporate oligonucleotide sequences of sufficient length to confer the required specificity, yet be within the limitations of the production technology. The length of these probes is within a range of between about 8 to about 2000 nucleotides. Preferably the probes consist of 60 nucleotides and more preferably 25 nucleotides from the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5.

[0017] For example, a series of the described oligonucleotide sequences, or the complements thereof, can be used in chip format to represent all or a portion of the described sequences. The oligonucleotides, typically between about 16 to about 40 (or any whole number within the stated range) nucleotides in length can partially overlap each other and/or the sequence may be represented using oligonucleotides that do not overlap. Accordingly, the described polynucleotide sequences shall typically comprise at least about two or three distinct oligonucleotide sequences of at least about 8 nucleotides in length that are each first disclosed in the described Sequence Listing. Such oligonucleotide sequences can begin at any nucleotide present within a sequence in the Sequence Listing and proceed in either a sense (5′-to-3′) orientation vis-a-vis the described sequence or in an antisense orientation.

[0018] Microarray-based analysis allows the discovery of broad patterns of genetic activity, providing new understanding of gene functions and generating novel and unexpected insight into transcriptional processes and biological mechanisms. The use of addressable arrays comprising sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 provides detailed information about transcriptional changes involved in a specific pathway, potentially leading to the identification of novel components or gene functions that manifest themselves as novel, phenotypes.

[0019] Probes consisting of sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 can also be used in the identification, selection and validation of novel molecular targets for drug discovery. The use of these unique sequences permits the direct confirmation of drug targets and recognition of drug dependent changes in gene expression that are modulated through pathways distinct from the drugs intended target. These unique sequences therefore also have utility in defining and monitoring both drug action and toxicity.

[0020] As an example of utility, the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 can be utilized in microarrays or other assay formats, to screen collections of genetic material from patients who have a particular medical condition. These investigations can also be carried out using the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 in silico and by comparing previously collected genetic databases and the disclosed sequences using computer software known to those in the art.

[0021] Thus the sequences first disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:1-5 can be used to identify mutations associated with a particular disease and also as a diagnostic or prognostic assay.

[0022] Although the presently described sequences have been specifically described using nucleotide sequence, it should be appreciated that each of the sequences can uniquely be described using any of a wide variety of additional structural attributes, or combinations thereof. For example, a given sequence can be described by the net composition of the nucleotides present within a given region of the sequence in conjunction with the presence of one or more specific oligonucleotide sequence(s) first disclosed in the SEQ ID NOS:1-5. Alternatively, a restriction map specifying the relative positions of restriction endonuclease digestion sites, or various palindromic or other specific oligonucleotide sequences can be used to structurally describe a given sequence. Such restriction maps, which are typically generated by widely available computer programs (e.g., the University of Wisconsin GCG sequence analysis package, SEQUENCHER 3.0, Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich., etc.), can optionally be used in conjunction with one or more discrete nucleotide sequence(s) present in the sequence that can be described by the relative position of the sequence relative to one or more additional sequence(s) or one or more restriction sites present in the disclosed sequence.

[0023] For oligonucleotide probes, highly stringent conditions may refer, e.g., to washing in 6×SSC/0.0.5% sodium pyrophosphate at 37° C. (for 14-base oligos), 48° C. (for 17-base oligos), 55° C. (for 20-base oligos), and 60° C. (for 23-base oligos). These nucleic acid molecules may encode or act as NHP gene antisense molecules, useful; for example, in NHP gene regulation (for and/or as antisense primers in amplification reactions of NHP gene nucleic acid sequences). With respect to NHP gene regulation, such techniques can be used to regulate biological functions. Further, such sequences can be used as part of ribozyme and/or triple helix sequences that are also useful for NHP gene regulation.

[0024] Inhibitory antisense or double stranded oligonucleotides can additionally comprise at least one modified base moiety that is selected from the group including, but not limited to, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine.

[0025] The antisense oligonucleotide can also comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from the group including, but not limited to, arabinose, 2-fluoroarabinose, xylulose, and hexose.

[0026] In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide will comprise at least one modified phosphate backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate, a, phosphorodithioate, a phosphoramidothioate, a phosphoramidate, a phosphordiamidate, a methylphosphonate, an alkyl phosphotriester, and a formacetal or analog thereof.

[0027] In yet another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotide is an α-anomeric oligonucleotide. An α-anomeric oligonucleotide forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gautier et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6625-6641). The oligonucleotide is a 2′-0-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6131-6148), or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (Inoue et al., 1987, FEBS Lett. 215:327-330). Alternatively, double stranded RNA can be used to disrupt the expression and function of a targeted NHP.

[0028] Oligonucleotides of the invention can be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.). As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides can be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16:3209), and methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:7448-7451), etc.

[0029] Low stringency conditions are well known to those of skill in the art, and will vary predictably depending on the specific organisms from which the library and the labeled sequences are derived. For guidance regarding such conditions see, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (and periodic updates thereof), Cold Springs Harbor Press, N.Y.; and Ausubel et al., 1989, supra.

[0030] Alternatively, suitably labeled NHP nucleotide probes can be used to screen a human genomic library using appropriately stringent conditions or by PCR. The identification and characterization of human genomic clones is helpful for identifying polymorphisms (including, but not limited to, nucleotide repeats, microsatellite alleles, single nucleotide polymorphisms, or coding single nucleotide polymorphisms), determining the genomic structure of a given locus/allele, and designing diagnostic tests. For example, sequences derived from regions adjacent to the intron/exon boundaries of the human gene can be used to design primers for use in amplification assays to detect mutations within the exons, introns, splice sites (e.g., splice acceptor and/or donor sites), etc., that can be used in diagnostics and pharmacogenomics.

[0031] For example, the present sequences can be used in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to identify specific individuals. In this technique, an individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or more restriction enzymes, and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bands for identification (as generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,057, incorporated herein by reference). In addition, the sequences of the present invention can be used to provide polynucleotide reagents, e.g., PCR primers, targeted to specific loci in the human genome, which can enhance the reliability of DNA-based forensic identifications by, for example, providing another “identification marker” (i.e., another DNA sequence that is unique to a particular individual). Actual base sequence information can be used for identification as an accurate alternative to patterns formed by restriction enzyme generated fragments.

[0032] Further, a NHP gene homolog can be isolated from nucleic acid from an organism of interest by performing PCR using two degenerate or “wobble”, ligonucleotide primer pools designed on the basis of amino acid sequences within the NHP products disclosed herein. The template for the reaction may be total RNA, mRNA, and/or cDNA obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA prepared from, for example, human or non-human cell lines or tissue known or suspected to express an allele of a NHP gene.

[0033] The PCR product can be subcloned and sequenced to ensure that the amplified sequences represent the sequence of the desired NHP gene. The PCR fragment can then be used to isolate a full length cDNA clone by a variety of methods. For example, the amplified fragment can be labeled and used to screen a cDNA library, such as a bacteriophage cDNA library. Alternatively, the labeled fragment can be used to isolate genomic clones via the screening of a genomic library.

[0034] PCR technology can also be used to isolate full length cDNA sequences. For example, RNA can be isolated, following standard procedures, from an appropriate cellular or tissue source (i.e., one known, or suspected, to express a NHP gene) A reverse transcription (RT) reaction can be performed on the RNA using an oligonucleotide primer specific for the most 5′ end of the amplified fragment for the priming of first strand synthesis. The resulting RNA/DNA hybrid may then be “tailed” using a standard terminal transferase reaction, the hybrid may be digested with RNase H, and second strand synthesis may then be primed with a complementary primer. Thus, cDNA sequences upstream of the amplified fragment can be isolated. For a review of cloning strategies that can be used, see e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989., supra.

[0035] A cDNA encoding a mutant NHP sequence can be isolated, for example, by using PCR. In this case, the first cDNA strand may be synthesized by hybridizing an oligo-dT oligonucleotide to mRNA isolated from tissue known or suspected to be expressed in an individual putatively carrying a mutant NHP allele, and by extending the new strand with reverse transcriptase. The second strand of the cDNA is then synthesized using an oligonucleotide that hybridizes specifically to the 5′ end of the normal sequence. Using these two primers, the product is then amplified via PCR, optionally cloned into a suitable vector, and subjected to DNA sequence analysis through methods well known to those of skill in the art. By comparing the DNA sequence of the mutant NHP allele to that of a corresponding normal NHP allele, the mutation(s) responsible for the loss or alteration of function of the mutant NHP gene product can be ascertained.

[0036] Alternatively, a genomic library can be constructed using DNA obtained from an individual suspected of or known to carry a mutant NHP allele (e.g., a person manifesting a NHP-associated phenotype such as, for example, immune disorders, obesity, high blood pressure, etc.), or a cDNA library can be constructed using RNA from a tissue known, or suspected, to express a mutant NHP allele. A normal NHP gene, or any suitable fragment thereof, can then be labeled and used as a probe to identify the corresponding mutant NHP allele in such libraries. Clones containing mutant NHP sequences can then be purified and subjected to sequence analysis according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.

[0037] Additionally, an expression library can be constructed utilizing cDNA synthesized from, for example, RNA isolated from a tissue known, or suspected, to express a mutant NHP allele in an individual suspected of or known to carry such a mutant allele. In this manner, gene products made by the putatively mutant tissue may be expressed and screened using standard antibody screening techniques in conjunction with antibodies raised against a normal NHP product, as described below (for screening techniques, see, for example, Harlow and Lane, eds., 1988, “Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual”, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor.) Additionally, screening can be accomplished by screening with labeled NHP fusion proteins, such as, for example, alkaline phosphatase-NHP or NHP-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins. In cases where a NHP mutation results in an expression product with altered function (e.g., as a result of a missense or a frameshift mutation), polyclonal antibodies to NHP are likely to cross-react with a corresponding mutant NHP expression product. Library clones detected via their reaction with such labeled antibodies can be purified and subjected to sequence analysis according to methods well known in the art.

[0038] An additional application of the described novel human polynucleotide sequences is their use in the molecular mutagenesis/evolution of proteins that are at least partially encoded by the described novel sequences using, for example, polynucleotide shuffling or related methodologies. Such approaches are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,830,721, 5,837,458, 6,117,679, and 5,723,323, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0039] The invention also encompasses (a) DNA vectors that contain Any of the foregoing NHP coding sequences and/or their complements (i.e., antisense); (b) DNA expression vectors that contain any of the foregoing NHP coding sequences operatively associated with a regulatory element that directs the expression of the coding sequences (for example, baculovirus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,336 herein incorporated by reference); (c) genetically engineered host cells that contain any of the foregoing NHP coding sequences operatively associated with a regulatory element that directs the expression of the coding sequences in the host cell; and (d) genetically engineered host cells that express an endogenous NHP sequence under the control of an exogenously introduced regulatory element (i.e., gene activation). As used herein, regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, inducible and non-inducible promoters, enhancers-, operators and other elements known to those skilled in the art that drive and regulate expression. Such regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, the cytomegalovirus (hCMV) immediate early gene, regulatable, viral elements (particularly retroviral LTR promoters), the early or late promoters of SV40 adenovirus, the lac system, the trp system, the TAC system, the TRC system, the major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control regions of fd coat protein, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), the promoters of acid phosphatase, and the promoters of the yeast α-mating factors.

[0040] Where, as in the present instance, some of the described NHP peptides or polypeptides are thought to be cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins (although processed forms or fragments can be secreted or membrane associated), expression systems can be engineered that produce soluble derivatives of a NHP (corresponding to a NHP extracellular and/or intracellular domains, or truncated polypeptides lacking one or more hydrophobic domains) and/or NHP fusion protein products (especially NHP-Ig fusion proteins, i.e., fusions of a NHP domain to an, IgFc) NHP antibodies, and anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments) that can be used in therapeutic applications. Preferably, the above expression systems are engineered to allow the desired peptide or polypeptide to be recovered from the culture media.

[0041] The present invention also encompasses antibodies and anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists and agonists of a NHP, as well as compounds or nucleotide constructs that inhibit expression of a NHP sequence (transcription factor inhibitors, antisense and ribozyme molecules, or open reading frame sequence or regulatory sequence replacement constructs), or promote the expression of a NHP (e.g., expression constructs in which NHP coding sequences are operatively associated with expression control elements such as promoters, promoter/enhancers, etc.).

[0042] The NHPs or NHP peptides, NHP fusion proteins, NHP nucleotide sequences, antibodies, antagonists and agonists can be useful for the detection of mutant NHPs or inappropriately expressed NHPs for the diagnosis of disease. The NHP proteins or peptides, NHP fusion proteins, NHP nucleotide sequences, host cell expression systems, antibodies, antagonists, agonists and genetically engineered cells and animals can be used for screening for drugs (or high throughput screening of combinatorial libraries) effective in the treatment of the symptomatic or phenotypic manifestations of perturbing the normal function of a NHP in the body. The use of engineered host cells and/or animals can offer an advantage in that such systems allow not only for the identification of compounds that bind to the endogenous receptor/ligand of a NHP, but can also identify compounds that trigger NHP-mediated activities or pathways.

[0043] Finally, the NHP products can be used as therapeutics. For example, soluble derivatives such as NHP peptides/domains corresponding to NHPs, NHP fusion protein products (especially NHP-Ig fusion proteins, i.e., fusions of a NHP, or a domain of a NHP, to an IgFc), NHP antibodies and anti-idiotypic antibodies (including Fab fragments), antagonists or agonists (including compounds that modulate or act on: downstream targets in a NHP-mediated pathway) can be used to directly treat diseases or disorders. For instance, the administration of an effective amount of soluble NHP, or a NHP-IgFc fusion protein or an anti-idiotypic antibody (or its Fab) that mimics the NHP could activate or effectively antagonize the endogenous NHP or a protein interactive therewith. Nucleotide constructs encoding such NHP products can be used to genetically engineer host cells to express such products in vivo; these genetically engineered cells function as “bioreactors” in the body delivering a continuous supply of a NHP, a NHP peptide, or a NHP fusion protein to the body. Nucleotide constructs encoding functional NHPs, mutant NHPs, as well as antisense and ribozyme molecules can also be used in “gene therapy” approaches for the modulation of NHP expression. Thus, the invention also encompasses pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treating biological disorders.

[0044] Various aspects of the invention are described in greater detail in the subsections below.

5.1 The NHP Sequences

[0045] The cDNA sequences and corresponding deduced amino acid sequences of the described NHPs are presented in the Sequence Listing.

[0046] Expression analysis has provided evidence that the described NHPs can be expressed in a range of human tissues. In addition to ephrin-receptor family kinases, the described NHPs also share significant similarity to several additional kinase families, including kinases associated with signal transduction, from a variety of phyla and species.

[0047] An additional application of the described novel human polynucleotide sequences is their use in the molecular mutagenesis/evolution of proteins that are at least partially encoded by the described novel sequences using, for example, polynucleotide shuffling or related methodologies. Such approaches are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,830,721 and 5,837,458, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0048] NHP gene products can also be expressed in transgenic animals. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to, worms, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, micro-pigs, birds, goats, and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees may be used to generate NHP transgenic animals.

[0049] Any technique known in the art may be used to introduce a NHP transgene into animals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, pronuclear microinjection (Hoppe and Wagner, 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,191); retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Vander Putten et al., 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 82:6148-6152); gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson et al., 1989, Cell 56:313-321); electroporation of embryos (Lo 1983, Mol Cell. Biol. 3:1803-1814); and sperm-mediated gene transfer (Lavitrano et al., 1989, Cell 57:717-723); etc. For a review of such techniques, see Gordon, 1989, Transgenic Animals, Intl. Rev. Cytol. 115:171-229, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0050] The present invention provides for transgenic animals that carry the NHP transgene in all their cells, as well as animals that carry the transgene in some, but not all their cells, i.e., mosaic animals or somatic cell transgenic animals. The transgene maybe integrated as a single transgene or in concatamers, e.g., head-to-head tandems or head-to-tail tandems. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into and activated in a particular cell type by following, for example, the teaching of Lasko et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6232-6236. The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific activation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

[0051] When it is desired that a NHP transgene be integrated into the chromosomal site of the endogenous NHP gene, gene targeting is preferred. Briefly, when such a technique is to be utilized, vectors containing some nucleotide sequences homologous to the endogenous NHP gene are designed for the purpose of integrating, via homologous recombination with chromosomal sequences, into and disrupting the function of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous NHP gene (i.e., “knockout” animals).

[0052] The transgene can also be selectively introduced into a particular cell type, thus inactivating the endogenous NHP gene in only that cell type, by following, for example, the teaching of Gu et al., 1994, Science, 265:103-106. The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific inactivation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art.

[0053] Once transgenic animals have been generated, the expression of the recombinant NHP gene may be assayed utilizing standard techniques. Initial screening may be accomplished by Southern blot analysis or PCR techniques to analyze animal tissues to assay whether integration of the transgene has taken place. The level of mRNA expression of the transgene in the tissues of the transgenic animals may also be assessed using techniques that include, but are not limited to, Northern blot analysis of tissue samples obtained from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, and RT-PCR. Samples of NHP gene-expressing tissue, may also be evaluated immunocytochemically using antibodies specific for the NHP transgene product.

5.2 NHPS and NHP Polypeptides

[0054] NHPs, NHP polypeptides, NHP peptide fragments, mutated, truncated, or deleted forms of the NHPs, and/or NHP fusion proteins can be prepared for a variety of uses. These uses include, but are not limited to, the generation of antibodies, as reagents in diagnostic assays, for the identification of other cellular gene products related to a NHP, as reagents in assays for screening for compounds that can be used as pharmaceutical reagents useful in the therapeutic treatment, of mental, biological, or medical disorders and disease. Given the similarity information and expression data, the described NHPs can be targeted (by drugs, oligos, antibodies, etc.) in order to treat disease, or to therapeutically augment the efficacy of therapeutic agents.

[0055] The Sequence Listing discloses the amino acid sequences encoded by the described NHP-encoding polynucleotides. The NHPs display initiator methionines that are present in DNA sequence contexts consistent with eucaryotic translation initiation sites. The NHPs do not display consensus signal sequences, which indicates that they may be cytoplasmic or possibly nuclear proteins, however, the homology data and presence of hydrophobic domains indicates that the NHPs are probably membrane associated, or possibly secreted.

[0056] The NHP amino acid sequences of the invention include the amino acid sequences presented in the Sequence Listing as well as analogues and derivatives thereof. Further, corresponding NHP homologues from other species are encompassed by the invention. In fact, any NHP protein encoded by the NHP nucleotide sequences described above are within the scope of the invention, as are any novel polynucleotide sequences encoding all or any novel portion of an amino acid sequence presented in the Sequence Listing. The degenerate nature of the genetic code is well known, and, accordingly, each amino acid presented in the Sequence Listing, is generically representative of the well known nucleic acid “triplet” codon, or in many cases codons, that can encode the amino acid. As such, as contemplated herein, the amino acid sequences presented in the Sequence Listing, when taken together with the genetic code (see, for example, Table 4-1 at page 109 of “Molecular Cell Biology”, 1986, Darnell et al. eds., Scientific American Books, New York, N.Y., herein incorporated by reference) are generically representative of all the various permutations and combinations of nucleic acid sequences that can encode such amino acid sequences.

[0057] The invention also encompasses proteins that are functionally equivalent to the NHPs encoded by the presently described nucleotide sequences as judged by any of a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, the ability to bind and modify a NHP substrate, or the ability to effect an identical or complementary downstream pathway, or a change in cellular metabolism (e.g., proteolytic activity, ion flux, tyrosine phosphorylation, etc.). Such functionally equivalent NHP proteins include, but are not limited to, additions or substitutions of amino acid residues within the amino acid sequence encoded by the NHP nucleotide sequences described above, but that result in a silent change, thus producing a functionally equivalent expression product. Amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

[0058] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be used to express the NHP nucleotide sequences of the invention. Where the NHP peptide or polypeptide can exist, or has been engineered to exist, as a soluble or secreted molecule, the soluble NHP peptide or polypeptide can be recovered from the culture media. Such expression systems also encompass engineered host cells that express a NHP, or functional equivalent, in situ. Purification or enrichment of a NHP from such expression systems can be accomplished using appropriate detergents and lipid micelles and methods well known to those skilled in the art. However, such engineered host cells themselves may be used in situations where it is important not only to retain the structural and functional characteristics of the NHP, but to assess biological activity, e.g., in drug screening assays.

[0059] The expression systems that may be used for purposes of the invention include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing NHP nucleotide sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing NHP nucleotide sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing NHP sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing NHP nucleotide sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter).

[0060] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the NHP product being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of or containing NHP, or for raising antibodies to a NHP, vectors that direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified maybe desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., 1983, EMBO J. 2:1791), in which a NHP coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with the lacZ coding region so that a fusion protein is produced; pIN vectors (Inouye and Inouye, 1985, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109; Van Heeke and Schuster, 1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The PGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target expression product can be released from the GST moiety.

[0061] In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign polynucleotide sequences. The virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. A NHP coding sequence can be cloned individually into non-essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the virus and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin promoter). Successful insertion of NHP coding sequence will result in inactivation of the polyhedrin gene and production of non-occluded recombinant virus (i.e., virus lacking the proteinaceous coat coded for by the polyhedrin gene). These recombinant viruses are then used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda cells in which the inserted sequence is expressed (e.g., see Smith et al., 1983, J. Virol. 46:584; Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,051).

[0062] In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the NHP nucleotide sequence of interest may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric sequence may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing a NHP product in infected hosts (e.g., See Logan and Shenk, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659). Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted NHP nucleotide sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where an entire NHP gene or cDNA, including its own initiation codon and adjacent sequences, is inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only a portion of a NHP coding sequence is inserted, exogenous translational control signals, including, perhaps, the ATG initiation codon, must be provided. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (see Bitter et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymol. 153:516-544).

[0063] In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen that modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the expression product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the protein. Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and expression products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells that possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and Phosphorylation of the expression product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include, but are not limited to, CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38, and in particular, human cell lines.

[0064] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines that stably express the NHP sequences described above can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors that contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci, which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell lines that express the NHP product. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that affect the endogenous activity of the NHP product.

[0065] A number of selection systems may be used, including, but not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., 1977, Cell 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska and Szybalski, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:2026), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., 1980, Cell 22:817) genes, which can be employed in tk⁻, hgprt⁻ or aprt⁻ cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al., 1980, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567; O'Hare et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan and Berg, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2072); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colberre-Garapin et al., 1981, J. Mol. Biol. 150:1); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., 1984, Gene 30:147).

[0066] Alternatively, any fusion protein can be readily purified by utilizing an antibody specific for the fusion protein being expressed. For example, a system described by Janknecht et al. allows for the ready purification of non-denatured fusion proteins expressed in human cell lines (Janknecht et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8972-8976). In this system, the sequence of interest is subcloned into a vaccinia recombination plasmid such that the sequence's open reading frame is translationally fused to an amino-terminal tag consisting of six histidine residues. Extracts from cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus are loaded onto Ni²⁺.nitriloacetic acid-agarose columns and histidine-tagged proteins are selectively eluted with imidazole-containing buffers.

[0067] Also encompassed by the present invention are fusion proteins that direct the NHP to a target organ and/or facilitate transport across the membrane into the cytosol. Conjugation of NHPs to antibody molecules or their Fab fragments could be used to target cells bearing a particular epitope. Attaching the appropriate signal sequence to the NHP would also transport the NHP to the desired location within the cell. Alternatively targeting of NHP or its nucleic acid sequence might be achieved using liposome or lipid complex based delivery systems. Such technologies are described in “Liposomes: A Practical Approach”, New, R.R.C., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,595, 5,459,127, 5,948,767 and 6,110,490 and their respective disclosures, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additionally embodied are novel protein constructs engineered in such a way that they facilitate transport of the NHP to the target site or desired organ, where they cross the cell membrane and/or the nucleus where the NHP can exert its functional activity. This goal may be achieved by coupling of the NHP to a cytokine or other ligand that provides targeting specificity, and/or to a protein transducing domain (see generally U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/111,701 and 60/056,713, both of which are herein incorporated by reference, for examples of such transducing sequences) to facilitate passage across cellular membranes and can optionally be engineered to include nuclear localization.

5.3 Antibodies to NHP Products

[0068] Antibodies that specifically recognize one br more epitopes of a NHP, or epitopes of conserved variants of a NHP, or peptide fragments of a NHP are also encompassed by the invention. Such antibodies include but are not limited to, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), humanized or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fab fragments, F(ab′)₂ fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above.

[0069] The antibodies of the invention can be used, for example, in the detection of NHP in a biological sample and may, therefore, be utilized as part of a diagnostic or prognostic technique whereby patients may be tested for abnormal amounts of NHP. Such antibodies may also be utilized in conjunction with, for example, compound screening schemes for the evaluation of the effect of test compounds on expression and/or activity of a NHP expression product. Additionally, such antibodies can be used in conjunction gene therapy to, for example, evaluate the normal and/or engineered NHP-expressing cells prior to their introduction into the patient. Such antibodies may additionally be used as a method for the inhibition of abnormal NHP activity. Thus, such antibodies may, therefore, be utilized as part of treatment methods.

[0070] For the production of antibodies, various host animals may be immunized by injection with the NHP, a NHP peptide (e.g., one corresponding to a functional domain of a NHP), truncated NHP polypeptides (NHP in which one or more domains have been deleted), functional equivalents of the NHP or mutated variant of the NHP. Such host animals may include, but are not limited to, pigs, rabbits, mice, goats, and rats, to name but a few. Various adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, including, but not limited to, Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete), mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, chitosan, surface active substances such as lysolecithin; pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and Corynebacterium parvum. Alternatively, the immune response could be enhanced by combination and or coupling with molecules such as keyhole limpet hemdcyanin, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, ovalbumin, cholera toxin or fragments thereof. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of the immunized animals.

[0071] Monoclonal antibodies, which are homogeneous populations of antibodies to a particular antigen, can be obtained by any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique of Kohler and Milstein, (1975, Nature 256:495-497; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110), the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kosbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72; Cole et al., 1983, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026-2030), and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., 1985, Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Such antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD and any subclass thereof. The hybridoma producing the mAb of this invention may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo. Production of high titers of mabs in vivo makes this the presently preferred method of production.

[0072] In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies” (Morrison et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 81:6851-6855; Neuberger et al., 1984, Nature, 312: 604-608; Takeda et al., 0.1985, Nature, 314:452-454) by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine mAb and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Such technologies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,181 and 5,877,397 and their respective disclosures, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Also encompassed by the present invention is the use of fully humanized monoclonal antibodies as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,584 and respective disclosures, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0073] Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778; Bird, 1988, Science 242:423-426; Huston et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; and Ward et al., 1989, Nature 341:544-546) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies against NHP expression products. Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide.

[0074] Antibody fragments that recognize specific epitopes may be generated by known techniques. For example, such fragments include, but are not limited to, the F(ab′)₂ fragments, which can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and the Fab fragments, which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)₂ fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries may be constructed (Huse et al., 1989, Science, 246:1275-1281) to allow rapid and easy identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity.

[0075] Antibodies to a NHP can, in turn, be utilized to generate anti-idiotype antibodies that “mimic” a given NHP, using techniques' well known to those skilled in the art (see, e.g., Greenspan and Bona, 1993, FASEB J 7:437-444; and Nissinoff, 1991, J. Immunol. 147:2429-2438). For example, antibodies that bind to a NHP domain and competitively inhibit the binding of NHP to its cognate receptor/ligand can be used to generate anti-idiotypes that “mimic” the NHP and, therefore, bind, activate, or neutralize a NHP, NHP receptor, or NHP ligand. Such anti-idiotypic antibodies or Fab fragments of such anti-idiotypes can be used in therapeutic regimens involving a NHP mediated pathway.

[0076] Additionally given the high degree of relatedness of mammalian NHPs, the presently described knock-out mice (having never seen NHP, and thus never been tolerized to NHP) have a unique utility, as they can be advantageously applied to the generation of antibodies against the disclosed mammalian NHP (i.e., NHP will be immunogenic in NHP knock-out animals).

[0077] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and functionally equivalent methods and components are within the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. All cited publications, patents, and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

1 5 1 2829 DNA homo sapiens 1 atgcaattcc cctcgcctcc agccgcgagg agctccccgg cgccgcaggc agcgtcctcc 60 tccgaagcag ctgcacctgc aactgggcag cctggaccct cgtgccctgt tcccgggacc 120 tcgcgcaggg ggcgccccgg gacaccccct gcgggccggg tggaggagga agaggaggag 180 gaggaagaag acgtggacaa ggacccccat cctacccaga acacctgcct gcgctgccgc 240 cacttctctt taagggagag gaaaagagag cctaggagaa ccatgggggg ctgcgaagtc 300 cgggaatttc ttttgcaatt tggtttcttc ttgcctctgc tgacagcgtg gccaggcgac 360 tgcagtcacg tctccaacaa ccaagttgtg ttgcttgata caacaactgt actgggagag 420 ctaggatgga aaacatatcc attaaatggg tgggatgcca tcactgaaat ggatgaacat 480 aataggccca ttcacacata ccaggtatgt aatgtaatgg aaccaaacca aaacaactgg 540 cttcgtacaa actggatctc ccgtgatgca gctcagaaaa tttatgtgga aatgaaattc 600 acactaaggg attgtaacag catcccatgg gtcttgggga cttgcaaaga aacatttaat 660 ctgttttata tggaatcaga tgagtcccac ggaattaaat tcaagccaaa ccagtataca 720 aagatcgaca caattgctgc tgatgagagt tttacccaga tggatttggg tgatcgcatc 780 ctcaaactca acactgaaat tcgtgaggtg gggcctatag aaaggaaagg attttatctg 840 gcttttcaag acattggggc gtgcattgcc ctggtttcag tccgtgtttt ctacaagaaa 900 tgccccttca ctgttcgtaa cttggccatg tttcctgata ccattccaag ggttgattcc 960 tcctctttgg ttgaagcacg gggttcttgt gtgaagagtg ctgaagagcg tgacactcct 1020 aaactgtatt gtggagctga tggagattgg ctggttcctc ttggaaggtg catctgcagt 1080 acaggatatg aagaaattga gggttcttgc catgcttgca gaccaggatt ctataaagct 1140 tttgctggga acacaaaatg ttctaaatgt cctccacaca gtttaacata catggaagca 1200 acttctgtct gtcagtgtga aaagggttat ttccgagctg aaaaagaccc accttctatg 1260 gcatgtacca ggccaccttc agctcctagg aatgtggttt ttaacatcaa tgaaacagcc 1320 cttattttgg aatggagccc accaagtgac acaggaggga gaaaagatct cacatacagt 1380 gtaatctgta agaaatgtgg cttagacacc agccagtgtg aggactgtgg tggaggactc 1440 cgcttcatcc caagacatac aggcctgatc aacaattccg tgatagtact tgactttgtg 1500 tctcacgtga attacacctt tgaaatagaa gcaatgaatg gagtttctga gttgagtttt 1560 tctcccaagc cattcacagc tattacagtg accacggatc aagatgcacc ttccctgata 1620 ggtgtggtaa ggaaggactg ggcatcccaa aatagcattg ccctatcatg gcaagcacct 1680 gctttttcca atggagccat tctggactac gagatcaagt actatgagaa agaacatgag 1740 cagctgacct actcttccac aaggtccaaa gcccccagtg tcatcatcac aggtcttaag 1800 ccagccacca aatatgtatt tcacatccga gtgagaactg cgacaggata cagtggctac 1860 agtcagaaat ttgaatttga aacaggagat gaaacttctg acatggcagc agaacaagga 1920 cagattctcg tgatagccac cgccgctgtt gggggattca ctctcctcgt catcctcact 1980 ttattcttct tgatcactgg gagatgtcag tggtacataa aagccaagat gaagtcagaa 2040 gagaagagaa gaaaccactt acagaatggg catttgcgct tcccgggaat taaaacttac 2100 attgatccag atacatatga agacccatcc ctagcagtcc atgaatttgc aaaggagatt 2160 gatccctcaa gaattcgtat tgagagagtc attggggcag gtgaatttgg agaagtctgt 2220 agtgggcgtt tgaagacacc agggaaaaga gagatcccag ttgccattaa aactttgaaa 2280 ggtggccaca tggatcggca aagaagagat tttctaagag aagctagtat catgggccag 2340 tttgaccatc caaacatcat tcgcctagaa ggggttgtca ccaaaagatc cttcccggcc 2400 attggggtgg aggcgttttg ccccagcttc ctgagggcag ggtttttaaa tagcatccag 2460 gccccgcatc cagtgccagg gggaggatct ttgcccccca ggattcctgc tggcagacca 2520 gtaatgattg tggtggaata tatggagaat ggatccctag actccttttt gcggaagcat 2580 gatggccact tcacagtcat ccagttggtc ggaatgctcc gaggcattgc atcaggcatg 2640 aagtatcttt ctgatatggg ttatgttcat cgagacctag cggctcggaa tatactggtc 2700 aatagcaact tagtatgcaa agtttctgat tttggtctct ccagagtgct ggaagatgat 2760 ccagaagctg cttatacaac aactgacctc ttccaaactc taacacttaa cctctgctat 2820 tctgcataa 2829 2 942 PRT homo sapiens 2 Met Gln Phe Pro Ser Pro Pro Ala Ala Arg Ser Ser Pro Ala Pro Gln 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Ala Ala Ala Pro Ala Thr Gly Gln Pro Gly 20 25 30 Pro Ser Cys Pro Val Pro Gly Thr Ser Arg Arg Gly Arg Pro Gly Thr 35 40 45 Pro Pro Ala Gly Arg Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Asp 50 55 60 Val Asp Lys Asp Pro His Pro Thr Gln Asn Thr Cys Leu Arg Cys Arg 65 70 75 80 His Phe Ser Leu Arg Glu Arg Lys Arg Glu Pro Arg Arg Thr Met Gly 85 90 95 Gly Cys Glu Val Arg Glu Phe Leu Leu Gln Phe Gly Phe Phe Leu Pro 100 105 110 Leu Leu Thr Ala Trp Pro Gly Asp Cys Ser His Val Ser Asn Asn Gln 115 120 125 Val Val Leu Leu Asp Thr Thr Thr Val Leu Gly Glu Leu Gly Trp Lys 130 135 140 Thr Tyr Pro Leu Asn Gly Trp Asp Ala Ile Thr Glu Met Asp Glu His 145 150 155 160 Asn Arg Pro Ile His Thr Tyr Gln Val Cys Asn Val Met Glu Pro Asn 165 170 175 Gln Asn Asn Trp Leu Arg Thr Asn Trp Ile Ser Arg Asp Ala Ala Gln 180 185 190 Lys Ile Tyr Val Glu Met Lys Phe Thr Leu Arg Asp Cys Asn Ser Ile 195 200 205 Pro Trp Val Leu Gly Thr Cys Lys Glu Thr Phe Asn Leu Phe Tyr Met 210 215 220 Glu Ser Asp Glu Ser His Gly Ile Lys Phe Lys Pro Asn Gln Tyr Thr 225 230 235 240 Lys Ile Asp Thr Ile Ala Ala Asp Glu Ser Phe Thr Gln Met Asp Leu 245 250 255 Gly Asp Arg Ile Leu Lys Leu Asn Thr Glu Ile Arg Glu Val Gly Pro 260 265 270 Ile Glu Arg Lys Gly Phe Tyr Leu Ala Phe Gln Asp Ile Gly Ala Cys 275 280 285 Ile Ala Leu Val Ser Val Arg Val Phe Tyr Lys Lys Cys Pro Phe Thr 290 295 300 Val Arg Asn Leu Ala Met Phe Pro Asp Thr Ile Pro Arg Val Asp Ser 305 310 315 320 Ser Ser Leu Val Glu Ala Arg Gly Ser Cys Val Lys Ser Ala Glu Glu 325 330 335 Arg Asp Thr Pro Lys Leu Tyr Cys Gly Ala Asp Gly Asp Trp Leu Val 340 345 350 Pro Leu Gly Arg Cys Ile Cys Ser Thr Gly Tyr Glu Glu Ile Glu Gly 355 360 365 Ser Cys His Ala Cys Arg Pro Gly Phe Tyr Lys Ala Phe Ala Gly Asn 370 375 380 Thr Lys Cys Ser Lys Cys Pro Pro His Ser Leu Thr Tyr Met Glu Ala 385 390 395 400 Thr Ser Val Cys Gln Cys Glu Lys Gly Tyr Phe Arg Ala Glu Lys Asp 405 410 415 Pro Pro Ser Met Ala Cys Thr Arg Pro Pro Ser Ala Pro Arg Asn Val 420 425 430 Val Phe Asn Ile Asn Glu Thr Ala Leu Ile Leu Glu Trp Ser Pro Pro 435 440 445 Ser Asp Thr Gly Gly Arg Lys Asp Leu Thr Tyr Ser Val Ile Cys Lys 450 455 460 Lys Cys Gly Leu Asp Thr Ser Gln Cys Glu Asp Cys Gly Gly Gly Leu 465 470 475 480 Arg Phe Ile Pro Arg His Thr Gly Leu Ile Asn Asn Ser Val Ile Val 485 490 495 Leu Asp Phe Val Ser His Val Asn Tyr Thr Phe Glu Ile Glu Ala Met 500 505 510 Asn Gly Val Ser Glu Leu Ser Phe Ser Pro Lys Pro Phe Thr Ala Ile 515 520 525 Thr Val Thr Thr Asp Gln Asp Ala Pro Ser Leu Ile Gly Val Val Arg 530 535 540 Lys Asp Trp Ala Ser Gln Asn Ser Ile Ala Leu Ser Trp Gln Ala Pro 545 550 555 560 Ala Phe Ser Asn Gly Ala Ile Leu Asp Tyr Glu Ile Lys Tyr Tyr Glu 565 570 575 Lys Glu His Glu Gln Leu Thr Tyr Ser Ser Thr Arg Ser Lys Ala Pro 580 585 590 Ser Val Ile Ile Thr Gly Leu Lys Pro Ala Thr Lys Tyr Val Phe His 595 600 605 Ile Arg Val Arg Thr Ala Thr Gly Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Ser Gln Lys Phe 610 615 620 Glu Phe Glu Thr Gly Asp Glu Thr Ser Asp Met Ala Ala Glu Gln Gly 625 630 635 640 Gln Ile Leu Val Ile Ala Thr Ala Ala Val Gly Gly Phe Thr Leu Leu 645 650 655 Val Ile Leu Thr Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Thr Gly Arg Cys Gln Trp Tyr 660 665 670 Ile Lys Ala Lys Met Lys Ser Glu Glu Lys Arg Arg Asn His Leu Gln 675 680 685 Asn Gly His Leu Arg Phe Pro Gly Ile Lys Thr Tyr Ile Asp Pro Asp 690 695 700 Thr Tyr Glu Asp Pro Ser Leu Ala Val His Glu Phe Ala Lys Glu Ile 705 710 715 720 Asp Pro Ser Arg Ile Arg Ile Glu Arg Val Ile Gly Ala Gly Glu Phe 725 730 735 Gly Glu Val Cys Ser Gly Arg Leu Lys Thr Pro Gly Lys Arg Glu Ile 740 745 750 Pro Val Ala Ile Lys Thr Leu Lys Gly Gly His Met Asp Arg Gln Arg 755 760 765 Arg Asp Phe Leu Arg Glu Ala Ser Ile Met Gly Gln Phe Asp His Pro 770 775 780 Asn Ile Ile Arg Leu Glu Gly Val Val Thr Lys Arg Ser Phe Pro Ala 785 790 795 800 Ile Gly Val Glu Ala Phe Cys Pro Ser Phe Leu Arg Ala Gly Phe Leu 805 810 815 Asn Ser Ile Gln Ala Pro His Pro Val Pro Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Pro 820 825 830 Pro Arg Ile Pro Ala Gly Arg Pro Val Met Ile Val Val Glu Tyr Met 835 840 845 Glu Asn Gly Ser Leu Asp Ser Phe Leu Arg Lys His Asp Gly His Phe 850 855 860 Thr Val Ile Gln Leu Val Gly Met Leu Arg Gly Ile Ala Ser Gly Met 865 870 875 880 Lys Tyr Leu Ser Asp Met Gly Tyr Val His Arg Asp Leu Ala Ala Arg 885 890 895 Asn Ile Leu Val Asn Ser Asn Leu Val Cys Lys Val Ser Asp Phe Gly 900 905 910 Leu Ser Arg Val Leu Glu Asp Asp Pro Glu Ala Ala Tyr Thr Thr Thr 915 920 925 Asp Leu Phe Gln Thr Leu Thr Leu Asn Leu Cys Tyr Ser Ala 930 935 940 3 927 DNA homo sapiens 3 atggcagcag aacaaggaca gattctcgtg atagccaccg ccgctgttgg gggattcact 60 ctcctcgtca tcctcacttt attcttcttg atcactggga gatgtcagtg gtacataaaa 120 gccaagatga agtcagaaga gaagagaaga aaccacttac agaatgggca tttgcgcttc 180 ccgggaatta aaacttacat tgatccagat acatatgaag acccatccct agcagtccat 240 gaatttgcaa aggagattga tccctcaaga attcgtattg agagagtcat tggggcaggt 300 gaatttggag aagtctgtag tgggcgtttg aagacaccag ggaaaagaga gatcccagtt 360 gccattaaaa ctttgaaagg tggccacatg gatcggcaaa gaagagattt tctaagagaa 420 gctagtatca tgggccagtt tgaccatcca aacatcattc gcctagaagg ggttgtcacc 480 aaaagatcct tcccggccat tggggtggag gcgttttgcc ccagcttcct gagggcaggg 540 tttttaaata gcatccaggc cccgcatcca gtgccagggg gaggatcttt gccccccagg 600 attcctgctg gcagaccagt aatgattgtg gtggaatata tggagaatgg atccctagac 660 tcctttttgc ggaagcatga tggccacttc acagtcatcc agttggtcgg aatgctccga 720 ggcattgcat caggcatgaa gtatctttct gatatgggtt atgttcatcg agacctagcg 780 gctcggaata tactggtcaa tagcaactta gtatgcaaag tttctgattt tggtctctcc 840 agagtgctgg aagatgatcc agaagctgct tatacaacaa ctgacctctt ccaaactcta 900 acacttaacc tctgctattc tgcataa 927 4 308 PRT homo sapiens 4 Met Ala Ala Glu Gln Gly Gln Ile Leu Val Ile Ala Thr Ala Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Gly Phe Thr Leu Leu Val Ile Leu Thr Leu Phe Phe Leu Ile Thr 20 25 30 Gly Arg Cys Gln Trp Tyr Ile Lys Ala Lys Met Lys Ser Glu Glu Lys 35 40 45 Arg Arg Asn His Leu Gln Asn Gly His Leu Arg Phe Pro Gly Ile Lys 50 55 60 Thr Tyr Ile Asp Pro Asp Thr Tyr Glu Asp Pro Ser Leu Ala Val His 65 70 75 80 Glu Phe Ala Lys Glu Ile Asp Pro Ser Arg Ile Arg Ile Glu Arg Val 85 90 95 Ile Gly Ala Gly Glu Phe Gly Glu Val Cys Ser Gly Arg Leu Lys Thr 100 105 110 Pro Gly Lys Arg Glu Ile Pro Val Ala Ile Lys Thr Leu Lys Gly Gly 115 120 125 His Met Asp Arg Gln Arg Arg Asp Phe Leu Arg Glu Ala Ser Ile Met 130 135 140 Gly Gln Phe Asp His Pro Asn Ile Ile Arg Leu Glu Gly Val Val Thr 145 150 155 160 Lys Arg Ser Phe Pro Ala Ile Gly Val Glu Ala Phe Cys Pro Ser Phe 165 170 175 Leu Arg Ala Gly Phe Leu Asn Ser Ile Gln Ala Pro His Pro Val Pro 180 185 190 Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Pro Pro Arg Ile Pro Ala Gly Arg Pro Val Met 195 200 205 Ile Val Val Glu Tyr Met Glu Asn Gly Ser Leu Asp Ser Phe Leu Arg 210 215 220 Lys His Asp Gly His Phe Thr Val Ile Gln Leu Val Gly Met Leu Arg 225 230 235 240 Gly Ile Ala Ser Gly Met Lys Tyr Leu Ser Asp Met Gly Tyr Val His 245 250 255 Arg Asp Leu Ala Ala Arg Asn Ile Leu Val Asn Ser Asn Leu Val Cys 260 265 270 Lys Val Ser Asp Phe Gly Leu Ser Arg Val Leu Glu Asp Asp Pro Glu 275 280 285 Ala Ala Tyr Thr Thr Thr Asp Leu Phe Gln Thr Leu Thr Leu Asn Leu 290 295 300 Cys Tyr Ser Ala 305 5 3220 DNA homo sapiens 5 cggtcctcgc ggtgaggggc tccccgcccc ctcgctcccc tcccccaaac cacagcccga 60 gctcgttctt gcgcgcgcgc gctctctccg gcccaagtga atagtcctcg cgcaagtggg 120 acactgtggt ggatgcaatt cccctcgcct ccagccgcga ggagctcccc ggcgccgcag 180 gcagcgtcct cctccgaagc agctgcacct gcaactgggc agcctggacc ctcgtgccct 240 gttcccggga cctcgcgcag ggggcgcccc gggacacccc ctgcgggccg ggtggaggag 300 gaagaggagg aggaggaaga agacgtggac aaggaccccc atcctaccca gaacacctgc 360 ctgcgctgcc gccacttctc tttaagggag aggaaaagag agcctaggag aaccatgggg 420 ggctgcgaag tccgggaatt tcttttgcaa tttggtttct tcttgcctct gctgacagcg 480 tggccaggcg actgcagtca cgtctccaac aaccaagttg tgttgcttga tacaacaact 540 gtactgggag agctaggatg gaaaacatat ccattaaatg ggtgggatgc catcactgaa 600 atggatgaac ataataggcc cattcacaca taccaggtat gtaatgtaat ggaaccaaac 660 caaaacaact ggcttcgtac aaactggatc tcccgtgatg cagctcagaa aatttatgtg 720 gaaatgaaat tcacactaag ggattgtaac agcatcccat gggtcttggg gacttgcaaa 780 gaaacattta atctgtttta tatggaatca gatgagtccc acggaattaa attcaagcca 840 aaccagtata caaagatcga cacaattgct gctgatgaga gttttaccca gatggatttg 900 ggtgatcgca tcctcaaact caacactgaa attcgtgagg tggggcctat agaaaggaaa 960 ggattttatc tggcttttca agacattggg gcgtgcattg ccctggtttc agtccgtgtt 1020 ttctacaaga aatgcccctt cactgttcgt aacttggcca tgtttcctga taccattcca 1080 agggttgatt cctcctcttt ggttgaagca cggggttctt gtgtgaagag tgctgaagag 1140 cgtgacactc ctaaactgta ttgtggagct gatggagatt ggctggttcc tcttggaagg 1200 tgcatctgca gtacaggata tgaagaaatt gagggttctt gccatgcttg cagaccagga 1260 ttctataaag cttttgctgg gaacacaaaa tgttctaaat gtcctccaca cagtttaaca 1320 tacatggaag caacttctgt ctgtcagtgt gaaaagggtt atttccgagc tgaaaaagac 1380 ccaccttcta tggcatgtac caggccacct tcagctccta ggaatgtggt ttttaacatc 1440 aatgaaacag cccttatttt ggaatggagc ccaccaagtg acacaggagg gagaaaagat 1500 ctcacataca gtgtaatctg taagaaatgt ggcttagaca ccagccagtg tgaggactgt 1560 ggtggaggac tccgcttcat cccaagacat acaggcctga tcaacaattc cgtgatagta 1620 cttgactttg tgtctcacgt gaattacacc tttgaaatag aagcaatgaa tggagtttct 1680 gagttgagtt tttctcccaa gccattcaca gctattacag tgaccacgga tcaagatgca 1740 ccttccctga taggtgtggt aaggaaggac tgggcatccc aaaatagcat tgccctatca 1800 tggcaagcac ctgctttttc caatggagcc attctggact acgagatcaa gtactatgag 1860 aaagaacatg agcagctgac ctactcttcc acaaggtcca aagcccccag tgtcatcatc 1920 acaggtctta agccagccac caaatatgta tttcacatcc gagtgagaac tgcgacagga 1980 tacagtggct acagtcagaa atttgaattt gaaacaggag atgaaacttc tgacatggca 2040 gcagaacaag gacagattct cgtgatagcc accgccgctg ttgggggatt cactctcctc 2100 gtcatcctca ctttattctt cttgatcact gggagatgtc agtggtacat aaaagccaag 2160 atgaagtcag aagagaagag aagaaaccac ttacagaatg ggcatttgcg cttcccggga 2220 attaaaactt acattgatcc agatacatat gaagacccat ccctagcagt ccatgaattt 2280 gcaaaggaga ttgatccctc aagaattcgt attgagagag tcattggggc aggtgaattt 2340 ggagaagtct gtagtgggcg tttgaagaca ccagggaaaa gagagatccc agttgccatt 2400 aaaactttga aaggtggcca catggatcgg caaagaagag attttctaag agaagctagt 2460 atcatgggcc agtttgacca tccaaacatc attcgcctag aaggggttgt caccaaaaga 2520 tccttcccgg ccattggggt ggaggcgttt tgccccagct tcctgagggc agggttttta 2580 aatagcatcc aggccccgca tccagtgcca gggggaggat ctttgccccc caggattcct 2640 gctggcagac cagtaatgat tgtggtggaa tatatggaga atggatccct agactccttt 2700 ttgcggaagc atgatggcca cttcacagtc atccagttgg tcggaatgct ccgaggcatt 2760 gcatcaggca tgaagtatct ttctgatatg ggttatgttc atcgagacct agcggctcgg 2820 aatatactgg tcaatagcaa cttagtatgc aaagtttctg attttggtct ctccagagtg 2880 ctggaagatg atccagaagc tgcttataca acaactgacc tcttccaaac tctaacactt 2940 aacctctgct attctgcata aattctgaga aaagccaaat tttctgtcgg tctaagaaga 3000 catagcctac acccaactgg agataattat aaaaaataat gaagcagcat gaggggaagg 3060 tatttaatgt gtattttaaa gttgggagag attctccttc acctaattta ggtgtttgtg 3120 aattggcttg actttttgaa gttaattttt aagccttgaa catgtccaac tttaagaact 3180 ttaagaataa atattttaac acaagtgaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3220 

1. (Cancelled)
 2. (Cancelled)
 3. (Cancelled)
 4. (Cancelled)
 5. An antibody that specifically recognizes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
 6. A method for producing a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2, comprising culturing a host cell comprising a recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 under conditions sufficient for the production of said polypeptide, and recovering said polypeptide from the host cell culture. 